Main pole



APPLICATION FILED IAN. 201 i916. .1,8 l 3,272. Patented Aug.v 19, 1919.

F/G.2. l lL11 v JL c a 9 C' IIII f 'HIIZ d' @ll h L" A. H. DARKER. DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINE AND METHOD 0F AND APPARATUS FOR CONTRDLLING THE OUTPUT THEREOF.

APPLICATION FILED IAN. 20| 1916.

l, 3 l 3,272 Patented Aug. 19, 1919.

- 2 sHEETs-SHEET 2. y, Uf 2l7 E 1.11:' MA/NPoLE S DS1 WINDINGS.

' Flc:.5.'

h1 MAlNPoLE WIND/NGS.

g y df 53 IM' @w UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

ALFRED HENEY DARKEB, OF BLACKHEATH, ENGLAND, ASSIGNOR TO J. STONE &; COMPANY, LIMITED, OF DEPTFOBD, ENGLAND. 4

DYNAMO-ELECTRIG MACHINE AND METHOD 0F AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING THE 'OUTPUT THEBEOF.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Aug. 19, 1919.

Application led January 20, 1916. Serial No. 73,091.

To all whom it may concern Be it known that I, ALFRED HENRY DAR- KER, a subject of the King of Great Britain, and residing at Heath lView, Montpelier Row, Blackheath, in the county of Kent,

England, have invented new and useful Improvements in Dynamo-Electric Machines and Methods of and Apparatus for Controlling the Output Thereof, of which the ing systems such as are used on Pullman and other railway cars and upon motor vehicles, upon which latter the dynamos are generally driven by internal combustion engines., The invention is also applicable in other cases in which dynamos are driven by variable speed motors, such 'as water motors.

-One object of the invention is to provide a simple dynamo, of the self-regulating type in which an auxiliary brush is employed with field windings connected between a main brush and the auxiliary brush, which is adapted to build up its field quickly at low speeds, so that it will cut-in at a relatively low speed, and atl the thigher speeds will maintain the desired output and voltage. A further object is to enable the avoidance of any considerable fall or fluctuation in the required output at the higher speeds, while at the same time permitting of designing or adjust-ing the field windings so that at higher speeds the dynamo will 've a constant output or an output slight y increasing with increase in speed, or slightly decreasing with increase in speed, as may be demanded.

A further object is to provide an improved method of and a novel combination for automatically regulating the output in accordance with the varying demand made by external circuits in which battery 'charging and current consumption are proceeding.

These and other objects willv appear from the following description of the preferred embodimentsl of my invention which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which Figure 1 is a diagram of a simple twopole dynamo according to these improvements.

Fig. 2 is a diagram of a modification applied to a simple two pole dynamo with intermediate regulating poles.

Fig 3 is a diagram of a novel combination involving the arrangement illustrated in Fig. 2.

Fig. 4 is a diagram of another combination, and

Fig. 5 is a diagram showing motoring connections.

Fig. 6 is a diagram of a modification of the arrangement shown in Fig. 4.

Referring to Fig. l, a is the armature, b are the field magnets, d is the positive brush, d is the negatife brush, e is the positive main conductor, f is the negative main conductor, and g is the auxiliary brush. The field winding h is connected between the main brush d and the auxiliary' brush g and the winding h', which is wound in the' same direction as the winding h is connected between the auxiliary brush g and the negativebrush d.

It will be readily understood that the winding k may be connected between the negative brush d and the auxiliary brush g and the winding h may be connected between ,the positive brush d and the auxiliary brush g, provided that the latter is shifted through 180, so that it isv in advance of the negative brush to which the winding h is, in this case, connected.y

The winding h differs from the winding h', being of fewer turns and lower resistance, or being in a circuit of lower resistance than the winding h. These windings h h are so relatively proportioned that, in spite of speed variation, the output or voltage is automatically kept constant, or regulated as desired, for all speeds over the range between the maximum and minimum limits Yof which useful or working current is probuilds up When the dynamo commences to revolve in the direction of the arrow, and until a moderate speed has been reached, the current flows in the two windings h h in the same direction with increasing strength and the field. Such building up is very rapid owin to the fact that the w11 1d ing h', being o comparatively low reslstance, carries a relatively strong current even at low speeds. An earl cut in of the dynamo is therefore possib e. After the dynamo has been cut in, increased armature reaction, due to increased armature current and further increases in speed, produces an advance of the neutral axis in the wellknown manner, thereby reducing the potential dilference between the brushes d and g and increasing the potential difference between the brushes g and-d. The result is that the current in the winding h dies away `asl the speed still further increases, until at high s eeds the excitation due to the winding Il.) may diminish to zero. The proper excitation of the machine, however, 1s maintained by the excitation due to (the winding h', which increases in such a manner that constancy of the output" or voltage is maintained in spite of the rapidly diminishing excitation b the winding h. In some dynamos it may arranged that at the very highest speeds, an appreciable reverse current Hows in the windln h and demagnetizes, but in some` cases 1t is found that' for ordinary ranges of speed, constancy in outplut is secured by the current dying away in t e winding h and growing in the winding h as described. The reason for the reversal of the current in the winding h in thecircumstances indicated are known and need not be particularly explained in this specification. .The relative proportioning and characters of the windings h k enable Y predetermined effects to be obtained, and

- as to windings, current strengths and volt.

the above described characterof the winding h is important for achieving the improved nerating and self-regulating properties o 4the dynamo.

In the winding h between low and very high speeds the current may vary between a maxlmum of four amperes in one direction and two amperes in the reverse direction while, in the Winding h', over the same range of speed, the current may grow from say one half an ampere to one and a half ormore.

The particulars which have been given ages are only given by way of example as the' dlferent values will vary accordin to circumstances, but they will serve :for i lus- -p trating the manner in which the two windings are proportioned and adapted for se' curing the desired result.

The brushes d id' are usually arranged about in the position seen in Fig. 1, and the auxiliary brush g is preferably arranged in the position shown. In fact it is convenient and advantageous to fix the brush g in the position shown, while the brushes d d may e arranged upon a rocker. When the dynamo is required to reverse, as is generally the case with dynamos driven from railway carriage axles the connections are reversed by a suitab e reversing switch. For example the brushes dI d', or all three brushes, may be arranged on a rocking reversing switch which rocks to one position or the other and makes appropriate connections according to the direction of motion, in the well-known manner. The reversing switch described in my prior U. S. A. patent specification N o. 1,131,914 is advantageously used for this purpose as it enables reversal to be effected with only a slight rocking of the brushes d d. Therefore, with such an arrangement, the brushes d, d g, occupy approximately the ositions kshown 1n Fig. 1, during motion 1n either direction. l n

In the arrangement seen in Fig. 2, the dynamo is fitted with intermediate regulating poles c having windings Z connectedl across a resistance m in the lamp circuit ln. This arrangement of regulating pole windings and its effect are fully described in my U. S. A. patent specification, Serial No..

lighting switch g and each lamp, or each group of lamps, may have its own respective switch as shown.

In Fig. 3 the main circuit is closed at the correct speed or voltage by the switch brush s whichisfclosed on to i-ts contacts by the action of the voltage winding ton the solenoid core v, to which -latter the brush 8 is attached. When the winding t is insuiliclently energized for holdin upthe core fv, the. latter drops and the swltch s opens the mam circuit. At the same time a rod on the core v permits a switch y to close and shortc1rcuit the resistance m, the battery o then supplylng the lamps direct if the switch g is closed.

Adjustable resistances 3 in the circuits of and 4 may be inthe field windings respectlvely so that the magnetizing strongly age reaches a pre-determined figure or maximum, operates to connect a resistance a in shunt wlth the battery o, as hereinafter de-' scribed.

` The over-charge magnet 5 comprises a voltage or shunt winding 6 which is connected by the wire 7 with an extra contact 7l on the cut-in swi-tch, the brush s of the latter having an extension s which touches the contact 7a only after the brush s has been ulled against the main contacts of the switch, so that the circuit of the overcharge solenoid is completed only after the closing ofthe cut-in switch s. The other end of the winding 6 is connected by wire 9, including a resistance 9, with a wire 10 which is connected between the over-charge switch brush and the negative main f, and it is also connected by the wire 11 with an additional contact 12 on the lighting switch g. When the latter is open, therefore, the winding 6 is connected across the mains e andy f in series with the resistance 9, but when the switch g is closed the resistance 9 is virtually short circuited as the current will then pass from the winding 6, through the wire 11 to the contact 12, and into the switch lever,'where it joins the lamp current passing through the conductor 'n and windings Z to the negative main f. Thus the overcharge switch 5 requires a greater voltage to cause it to operate when the lamps are switched off as com ared with when they are switched on. prises a series winding 13 which is connected up when the switch-brush 14 is lifted by the solenoid core 11p to its contacts 15, 16. For this purpose the winding 13 is connected by a wire 17 with the negative main f and at its .opposite end is connected to the switch contact 15. The brush 14 is connected by a flexible connection 18 with the wire 10. The wire 19 coming from the resistance a, is connected to the contact 16. When, therefore, the solenoid winding 6 sucks up the core and the brush 14 touches'the contacts 15 and 16, the series winding 13 will be connected up in series with the battery o and will assist the shunt winding 6 to hold up the core and the resist-ance z will be connected in shunt with the battery 0, thereby reducing the charging current passed into the battery. By the employment of the resistance z the output 'of T e over-charge switch 5 also com.

the dynamo need notbe so drastically curtailed as would'otherwise be necessary and the result is that a much.closer regulation is possible.

In the negative main f between the negative terminals of the resistance lml and the windings Z there is a v ariable resistance r. The function of this resistance is t0 assist in governing the output of the dynamo so that any desired charging current may.y be had, particularly when the lamps are not in use and the battery is being charged. It will be seen that when the lamps are off the charging current passing along -the negative main divides at the junction 20, art flowing through the resistance m and windings Z to the negative brush and part flowing throu h the resistance 1'. Now if the value of t e resistance 7' be low as compared with the resistance m plus the resistance of the windings Z, the latter will receive little current and the output ofthe dynamo will be lowandthe charging current will be weak. If it be desired to charge the battery with a stronger current, as, for example, is necessary when the specific gravity of the acid in the battery is low, the resistance?l is adjusted to a higher value, whereupon the windings Z receive more current and the output of the dynamo is increased. v

In Fig. 3 the switch y when it closed simply short-circuited the'resistance m, but in Fig. 4 the switch brush y is connectedby a wire 21 with a conductor 23 branching from the negative main f and the contact for the brush y is connected by a wire 22 with one terminal of a resistance 24 of low value whose other terminal is connected with the positive terminal of the resistance m. Therefore when the switch y is closed instead of the resistance m being short-circuited, as in Fig. 3, it has connected in parallel with it the resistance 24.

Above the switch y there is a switch y which is opened by the core lo after the latter has opened the switch y. The switch y also is connected through the wire 21 with the conductor 23 and the contact of the switch y is connected through wire 25 with a branch conductor 26 from the conductor 10 which joins the negative main f at a point between the negative terminals of the resistance!l and windings Z. The closing of the switch y therefore, in e'ect, short-cir` cuits the resistance 1'.

` Now the following advantage arises from this arrangement, namely, that when the dynamo is stationary, or is running but has not cut in, and the lamps are being supplied by the battery, a part of the current coming from the lamps will pass through the regulating pole windings Z owing to the presence of the resistance 24, whereas if the resistance-m weremerely short-circuited praetically all the current would pass through the short circuit and practically none through the windings Z. This portion of the lam current passing through the windings l ows through part of the negative main then through the wires 10, 26, 25 and switch y through wires 21 and 23 back to the negative maln. In this way a desirable current strength is found in the regulating pole windings Z before the dynamo starts, so that when it does start it quickly develops the required output, owin to the additional excitation 4due to the po es` c, and is cut in at a relatively low speed.y This means that the dynamo relieves the battery of the lam load at the earliest possible moment, whidh is desirable. The resistance 24 need be only a fraction of an ohm.

As soon as the switchl s cuts in the dynamo, `the switch y is lifted and opens the circuit of the resistance 24 so that current from the lamps then flows through the windings l and resistance m in parallel. The solenoid t then becomes stronger and the core /v rises a little more, thereby openin the switch y and breaking the short circuit of the resistance r through which will then flow tlie current returning from the battery to the dynamo and that portion of the current, coming from the lamps which passes through the resistance m.

In order to prevent an undue increase in the batterypharging current when a big lamp load is turned on as compared with the strength of such charging current when only a very light lamp load is turned on, a resistance 27 (shown in Fig. 6) may be connected at one end to the wire 10 and at the opposite end to a point in the conductor 28 between the resistance m and the windings Z, it being understood that the System in other respects is the same as that shown in Fig. 4. In this way the resistances m, r and 27 are connected in triangular fashion. This is found to very effectively revent the windings l from being too strongli;l ener- 'zed when heavy lamp loads are turned on. owever the reslstance 27 may be dispensed with in many cases.

The adjusting devicel diagralmnatically indicated at 29 in connection'with the ref sistance r is what is known as a four point adjusting switch which is capable of givin'g various combinations with portions of the resistance r.

n will be noted that in Fig. 4 a genes l winding 30 has been placed on the solenoid t to assist in holding up the core, the circuit of this winding being, of course, completed by the switch brush s. When series windings are used on these solenoids they serve the useful function of demagnetizing `and insuring the opening of the switch whenever the dynamo output falls to such an extent, owing to reduction of speed, that the battery is able to send a reverse current.

Dynamos having the windings and brushes connected and arranged according to these improvements run with practically sparkless commutation at all speeds and loads.

Re ulating poles are not necessary for the cient working of the improved dynamo which may also be advantageously run as a motor.

It will be obsenved that when the lamps are burning and the dynamo is cut in, the overcharge switch 5 permits the dynamo to deliver a charging vcurrent to the batte of sutlicient strength for raising the ternunal voltage of the battery to the desired extent. When the said voltage is reached the overcharge switch 5 in closing and connecting up the wire 10, not onlyl introduces the shunt resistance a, but also by means of the wire 10 virtually short circuits the resistance r so that-less current will then flow through the windings l of the' regulating poles and the output will be decreased.

In some arrangements the shunt ais not used and the overcharge switch operates only to short circuit the resistance 1*.

It is sometimes desirable to run vthe dynamo as a motor with current supplied from the battery. For example in installations in which the dyn-amo is driven by an internal combustion engine, the latter-may be started by the dynamo running as a motor. Referring 'to Fig. 5 it will be Seen that switches 31, 32 are rovided in the circuit of the winding h. heSe switches may be moved to the dotted position in which the winding h, instead of being connected across the brushes df and g is connected between the conductor 33 which branches from the main f near to the brush d', and the conductor 34 which is connected to the main f beyond the switch s. Consequently if the switches 31 and 32 are moved to the dotted position when the switch s is open, the winding h will be connected in serles with the armature between the mams e and f and the dynamo will run as a motor supplied with current from the battery. As the switches 31, 32 mustlnot be moved the dotted position when the switch s 1s closed, it may be convenient to operate them automatically by any well known method.

What I claim as my invention and de slre to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is 1. Apparatus of the character described,

comprising in combination a dynamo having main poles, regulatin poles andan auxiliary brush, main fiel 4windings of different characters connected between "respective` main brushes andthe auxiliary brush, regulatingpole windings connected across a resistance in the lamp circuit said regulating pole windings being wound to oppose distortion due to amature reaction, a battery charge resistance connected between corresponding terminals of said lamp resistanceand said regulating pole windings, and a battery over-charge switch operative to reduce said battery charge resistance substantially as set forth.

2. A pparatus of thev character described comprislng in combination a dynamo having main poles regulating poles and an auxillary brush, main field windings of different characters connected between respective main brushes and the auxiliarybrush, regulating pole windings connected across a resistance in the lamp circuit said regulating pole windings being wound to oppose distortion due yto` .amature reaction, .a battery charge resistance connected `between duce said battery charge resistancesubstantially as set forth. l v f ALFRED HENRY D 4corresponding terminals of said lamp resist- 

